Software Development Life Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Software Development Life Cycle - Essay Example The processes are going to be employed in a database system required for the London Olympics expected to take place in the near future. The most essential part in Software De3velopment Cycle is defining of the required data; obtaining and clearly indicating the objectives to be carried out (Dhunna & Dixt 2010: 129). To be able to define the objectives and activities taking place during the event, it is required of the analyst to find the data from the organizers. The organizers of the London Olympics are grouped to form the London Olympics Games Organizing Committee (LOGOC). There are many methods that are used in fact finding or gathering. The main methods include questionnaires, interviews, observations, and record inspection. The different methods are employed in certain situations for optimum data gathering (Dhunna & Dixt 2010: 129). The data is defined to be collected from the London Olympic Games organizing Committee. The most effective method in collecting data from the group is through interview. This is because the LOGOC comprises a small group of people; the management team comprises of persons less than thirty. There are two structures in interviews; open and closed structure. The two structures differ in the questions asked during the interview. There are also two type of interview; face to face and group interview (Dennis, Wixom & Roth 2008: 43). The most essential type of interview is the face to face or one on one or personal interview. It gives an opportunity to varied opinion on the same issue hence deeper understanding of the requirements. The interview would employ the closed structure at its initial stages then after the structured questions are responded to, I would employ the open ended structure to ensure that I attain extra information on some data. The information to be attained in the interview include the type of data; the information of athletes that is stored, the types of sports, the arrangements on how the events are to occur, the organizations past information and challenges that the system needs to address (Dhunna & Dixt 2010: 132). The steps to conducting the interview are carried out strategically as they appear; planning, creating the questions, determining the order of conducting the interview and the information consolidating process (Fettke & Loos 2006: 119). The advantages associated with the interview process include easy framing of questions with objective to attain different set of answers, use of the observable non-verbal communication from the interviewee, immediate response, and there is a high response rate (Marshall & Bruno 2009: 221). The interview method therefore offers detailed facts from the outlined advantages. Despite having advantages that are beneficial, the method of use has disadvantages which include time consuming due to the personal conversation with the interviewee, location of respondents may cause inefficiency, it is costly, it brings an interrogative phenomenon to the inter viewee who may decide to control the information she/he gives. The method is also dependent on the interviewer’s perception (Zendler 1997: 21). There are various ways though through which these disadvantages may be overcome. The proximity effect may be controlled by use of video conferencing. The interviewer may be given a warm feeling by the interviewer to avoid the grill or summon view of the interview pro

Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Ethics - Case Study Example ethics of the professional standards which permits her to prevent bias, undue influence and conflict of interests of others to override business judgments or professionals. The stakeholders that will be affected by the unethical decision which may arise following the request made by Mr. Rashid, the managing director, includes the customers, the investors, the business partners and shareholders. The stakeholders deserve to be told the truth pertaining to the performance of the business (Amat & Gowthorpe, 2013). This can only be done if the correct, honest and accurate figures are recorded. Maryam Mohammed should refer the managing director to relevant regulations and laws that are against such an action. She should tell Mr. Rashid that the action is against the code of ethics in the accountant profession (Amat & Gowthorpe, 2013). She has a professional obligation of ensuring that honesty and accuracy is done and she should not be involved in actions that discredit her profession. Maryam should be able to report the unethical issue to the company’s audit and financial committee or her supervisor at the place of work. A professional accountant has an obligation of preventing undue influence, conflict of interest as well as bias of others to override business judgment or profession (Amat & Gowthorpe, 2013). She should do follow up to ensure that the Managing director is punished. Ethics can be defined as the discipline that deals with what is bad or good and with moral obligations and duty. Accounting is the process that involves describing the business processes in numbers. The bookkeeping numbers of a company’s accounting records should be accurate and honest in order to be considered ethical. Ethical dilemmas in accounting entail a supervisor directing a subordinate to interfere with the actual financial figures. Accuracy and honesty are the ethical issues in accountings. Accountants as well as bookkeepers have an obligation of ensuring information is

HOSTILITY TOWARDS EASTERN EUROPEAN (EE) IMMIGRANTS IN THE UK FROM Essay

HOSTILITY TOWARDS EASTERN EUROPEAN (EE) IMMIGRANTS IN THE UK FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES - Essay Example Seventy percent of the increase in these ten years is attributed to immigration. About half of the foreigners come from Eastern Europe with Romania and Bulgaria having the highest number (Autonomous Nonprofit Organization, 2013). In the year 2012, reports published by Migration Watch showed about 80,000 people have been crossing the UK borders annually in search of better employment opportunities (Doyle & Chapman, 2014). This is a population which is roughly the size of the Borough of Tower of Hamlets. Immigrants continue to queue at the airports to get access into the country. Based on these trends and numbers, it is anticipated that more people, including those without work permits, will flock the country. Riley-Smith (2013) says that majority of these individuals are attracted by the prospects of getting better pay than what they used to get in their motherland. A foreigner working in the UK is able to get about four or five times what they were earning in their countries even at the minimum UK wage (Robila, 2013). Some stakeholders have raised the concern as people coming from Eastern Europe have lower employment rates in Britain. A clear look at the unemployment data reveals that this is an over magnified phenomenon. It is true that some foreigners find it had getting jobs in the UK (Riley-Smith, 2013). However most of them are those who lack work permits or are in the country illegally. According to Portes (2013), some UK leaders have called for the eventual restriction of ability of migrants moving to the country. Such stands are influenced by the mounting fear that the increase in the number of foreigners is limiting employment opportunities for the British citizens. This is a valid stand when one looks at the employment statistics of the skilled workers coming to the UK from East Europe. Majority of the immigrants are young and active than the average British

Macroeconomics. A fixed exchange rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Macroeconomics. A fixed exchange rate - Essay Example 5. Using the closed economy IS-LM model, show how falls in business and consumer confidence can precipitate a deep and prolonged recession. Set out what Keynes meant when he advocated fiscal policy to solve the problem. 10 6. By what means may the monetary authorities maintain a fixed exchange rate Outline how devaluation may help a country experiencing difficulties under a fixed exchange rate regime and set out circumstances under which devaluation makes things worse. 13 The Keynes and Pigou effects can be understood in the context of the impact of a change in the money supply on consumption. The economists Keynes and Pigou studied the effects of a fall in wages and prices on real aggregate demand and attempted to determine what underlies the closed-economy AD curve. Keynes maintained that a fall in money wages and price levels would reduce the demand for money and result in a fall in interest rates, thereby taking the economy to full employment. This is known as the Keynes effect. This takes place, he explained, in a situation where the money supply is constant because a fall in price levels would increase the real money supply. ... rence between money supply and real money supply We define the money supply as the quantity of money supplied by the central bank and then assume that it is constant or unchanged for different price levels. However, if the money supply (represented by the variable M) is constant while the price level (P) falls, the real money supply (represented by the fraction M/P) increases. Therefore, a fall in P at constant M raises M/P, the real money supply that in effect represents the "value" of M, shifting the upward sloping L-M curve to the right, with effects that are analogous to those of an increase in M. Increasing M has the effect of bringing the interest rate down, generating a rise in investment spending. Businesses will expand to increase production, employment will rise, and so would output and consumption. The effect would be small (that is, the AD curve is steep) if either (a) the L-M curve is quite flat so that the fall in the interest rate is small, or (b) the downward sloping I-S curve is steep, so that falls in interest rate will have little effect on spending. In standard textbooks, the derivation of the closed economy aggregate demand (AD) curve relies entirely on the Keynes effect. Pigou studied the same phenomenon and maintained that lower prices would encourage consumption, thereby boosting total income and employment. This is known as the Pigou effect. Like Keynes, he observed that a fall in prices would raise the real money supply (M/P), which raises wealth and stimulates a rise in consumption. This shifts the I-S curve to the right. The Pigou effect is largest when the Keynes effect is smallest (that is, the L-M curve flat and the I-S curve steep). This phenomenon, also known as the real balance effect, is based on the assumption that part of

John Sutter and the Western United States Essay Example for Free

John Sutter and the Western United States Essay During the mid-1800s, people were eager to explore most of the United States in search for a better place to live in. Those who came from Europe settled in most parts of the Eastern United States. But there are those who ventured further, going deeper into the West. One of them is John Sutter, born in Germany and of Swiss descent. He became a captain of the Swiss Army, and was driven away from his family because of debts, going to the United States to look for a greener pasture. According to Albert Hurtado in his book, John Sutter: a Life on the North American Frontier, John Sutter deserves to have a title of an entrepreneur. All his achievements were the product of his hard work and entrepreneurship (Hurtado). He roamed the United States by using these characteristics to earn enough money to fund his ventures. The Eastern part of the United States at that time were already populated, where trade and commerce is flourishing all over the place. He joined a trading venture to New Mexico, where he was successful enough, returning with wine, several mules and money. When he celebrated the Independence Day of 1839 in Monterey California, he met Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado. This meeting paved the way for a settlement grant of more than 48,000 acres of land for Sutter, the start of the monumental â€Å"New Helvetia Settlement† which pioneered American life in the Western United States. One of the few requirements for John Sutter to be awarded the land grant was to become a citizen of Mexico. This would give him thousands of acres of land where he can establish a pioneering settlement. In less than a year after becoming a Mexican citizen, he was awarded the vast lands in the central valley of California. In order to properly run this vast acreage of agricultural lands, he employed various Native Americans, as well as welcomed immigrants from different places. John Sutter’s Fort became a famous stop-over for those wishing to venture into new lands. With this account from Albert Hurtado’s book, we can see that the Western part of the United States at John Sutter’s time promises new beginnings to those who wish for a different life. The East was somehow been congested with various people migrating from other nearby countries. Because of this, some wanted, and even dared to explore other parts of the â€Å"foreign land† they have settled in. But not all parts of the west are conducive for living. In the account of John Bidwell, he describes most of the west especially California as â€Å"the country was brown and parched; throughout the State wheat, beans, everything had failed†¦cattle were almost starving for grass, and the people, except perhaps a few of the best families, were without bread, and were eating chiefly meat, and that often of a very poor quality† (Bidwell). This means that the west may promise a good life, but there are also risks in living there. It is still an uncharted territory for the migrants, and that they were all going to start from scratch. They have no clear idea on how to handle things at first, especially because they did not originate in the area. However, it is also filled with resources just waiting to be exploited. According to Bidwell, the place also has some good points, â€Å"there were no other settlements in the valley; it was, apparently, still just as new as when Columbus discovered America, and roaming over it were countless thousands of wild horses, of elk, and of antelope† (Bidwell). The Western part of the United States was truly a place of uncertainty, wherein you’ll have to risk everything if you choose to settle in the area. John Sutter was able to survive and was successful in establishing a settlement in the area. In a sense, we could say that Sutter was successful in taming the Wild West. Sutter’s Fort housed a number of people ranging from natives to settlers, even those who were lost in their way, and these people contributed well enough in cultivating the vast lands of the settlement. In a few years time, John Sutter became a major supplier of horses, cattle, and wheat (Doti). The Western United States became a melting pot of different cultures. These cultures blended well with each other despite of their differences. This is essential for the success of the settlement, where everyone has to do their part in order for their efforts to flourish. John Sutter bridged the gap between the settlers, the natives and even the bordering Mexicans. Sutter’s works not only gave rise to a new settlement, but also to a new world found in the West. This is a very important contribution in the history of the nation, as it expanded the country’s influence across the borders. The culture in the Eastern United States at that time was generally influenced by the countries which they came from. Most these are European countries that are why they have developed mixtures of various European cultures. On the other hand, the Western United States is not only a mixture of European cultures, but also accompanied by various customs of the Native Americans and the bordering Mexican culture. This diversity has proven great importance in the formation of the Western United States, because western settlements were the products of various cultures cooperating with each other in so that they would achieve peace and order in their respective communities. Works Cited: Bidwell, John. Life in California before the Gold Discovery. 1890. The Century Magazine. November 19 2007. http://www. sfmuseum. org/hist2/bidwell1. html. Doti, Lynne Pierson. John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier Book Reviews. 2006. Chapman University. November 19 2007. http://eh. net/bookreviews/library/1116. Hurtado, Albert L. John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier. 1st edition ed: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006.

Business Ethics Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics Essay This paper will focus on Benji Watson, a graduate from the Liberty University MBA program and his recruitment by a corporation that sells various vitamins, health foods and health supplements; New Gen Health Sciences. The case study that was presented provides us certain information that Benji has either gotten from his recruiter or from his own personal research. After a weekend of being at the company introduction event, Benji is presented with a dilemma as to whether to accept the lucrative offer New Gen has presented him. Throughout this paper I will take a closer look as to whether I believe Benji should or should not accept his contract offer from New Gen. Integrity One of the most important factors when looking into joining a corporation is to take a look from the top and see how the CEO runs his corporation. Benji has already had several red flags raised as to the business practices that the CEO of New Gen employs throughout his corporation. Mary C. Daly (2003) describes how a Harvard Business School case study quoted an Enron official who gave a description of Jeffrey Skilling’s decision-making process as follows: It was all about creating an atmosphere of deliberately breaking the rules† (p. 269-270). She goes on to say that in a similar situation, Salomon Brothers encouraged extreme risk taking in the pursuit of profits that sometimes were not within the ethics or morals of the individual (p. 270). A severe lack of integrity within these corporations ultimately led to their demise. Unfortunately, it seems as if the CEO of New Gen is headed down this same path in his pursuit of profits. The CEO of New Gen claims to be a person who cares about people and making their lives better, yet he displays a total lack of integrity when he referred to the company’s customers as â€Å"fat, lazy, lethargic Americans.† Benji needs to ask himself, is this the type of boss I want to work for? To make matters worse and to once again bring the CEO’s integrity into question, he harshly asked another potential employee whose infant child was crying to leave the room as to not bother the others who were in the room. I would caution Benji to take into consideration these actions when he makes his decision. Julia Sferlazzo (2012) describes two types of business ethics theories and the debate that focuses on whose interest’s managers should consider when they are making decisions (p. 772). The two theories, shareholder and stakeholder theories respectively, both take a different approach in how they go about implementing their business ethics. The shareholders theory basically involves when the only duty of the manager is to pursue profit and that the only obligations they have are to act within the confines of the law. This theory was favored in the early 1900’s but over the past several decades this theory has fallen out of favor in terms of government regulation due to the corruption and corporate greed. In the stakeholders theory, a balance is placed on what is in the best interest of the shareholder, employees, the community, and as society. This theory of professional ethics is accepted the most amongst academics (Sferlazzo, 2012, p.772-773). Based on the theories I have outlined above, I believe that New Gen more closely falls in line with the shareholder theory, and one that could lead down the path of corruption. Although New Gen is not ethically doing anything illegal, they are falsely marketing their company as a leader in ethics when in reality they are only in pursuit of the maximum amount of profit. â€Å"For the love of money is the root of all evil; which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows. But though, O man of God, flee these things; and follow after righteousness, godliness, faith, love, patience, meekness† (Timothy 6:10-11, NIV). Strategic Ethics vs. Real Ethics In Dobson’s (n.d.) critique, he states several times that although a business’ actions may appear moral, it is clear that the motivation can sometimes only be material. This question is are these companies only saying they are running an ethical business as motivation to attract investors or are they taking action on what they are saying by their real ethics they are imploring. When Benji was conversing with his recruiter about New Gen’s industry leading ethics code, the recruiter basically told him that it was a strategy that the company had to say in order to ensure  government regulations were met and they could entice investors. This should be a red flag for Benji that this company may be employing a strategic ethic instead of real ethics in order to attract new investors rather than doing the right thing. These dishonest business practices along with not being able to adhere to real ethics and using them only to their strategic advantage will eventually ca tch up to this company and its financials will struggle if these practices continue. â€Å"Beware of false prophets who come to you in sheep’s clothing but inwardly are ravaging wolves† (Matthew 7:15, NIV). Benji would be wise to heed the advice that Jesus gave to Matthew when advising him on how to enter the kingdom of heaven. Spiritually, Benji has to make a conscience effort to continue to research and investigate on whether this is a wise decision for him to accept a job from a potential dishonest corporation. Is New Gen a corporation that values its consumers and employers both ethically and spiritually or are they a corporation that only uses their â€Å"industry leading ethics code† as a strategic ploy to attract their investors? These are the questions Benji must consider when deciding on accepting this contract offer. The Decision From both a spiritual and an ethical perspective there is no way that I would advise Benji to accept this job offer. Although this job appears lucrative from the outside looking in, upon further research Benji should realize that this company’s foundation is based upon furthering the profit for the CEO and not taking into consideration of the stakeholders. Furthermore, New Gen is a company that is dishonest and shows a total disregard to the integrity that a reputable business would display. In no way would I advise Benji to accept this job offer. References Daly, Mary C. (2003). INTEGRITY IN THE PRACTICE OF LAW: TEACHING INTEGRITY IN THE PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY CURRICULUM: A MODEST PROPOSAL FOR CHANGE. Fordham Law Review, 72, 261-277. Dobson, John (n.d.). Virtue Ethics as a Foundation for Business Ethics: A â€Å"MacIntyre-Based Critique† Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://www.stthomas.edu/cathstudies/cst/conferences/antwerp/papers/dobson.pdf Sferlazzo, Julia (2012). Learning Legal Ethics From MBAs: How a Comparison of Legal and Business Ethics Could Promote Ethical Professional Behavior. Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics, 25, 769-786.

Fiscal And Monetary Policy Economics Essay

Fiscal And Monetary Policy Economics Essay Like the Economics for Dummies states, anti-recessionary economic policies come in two flavors: Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy. Monetary policys technique is to increase the money supply and lowers interest rates. When interest rates are lowered, more people are about to access loans, buy houses, and increase purchasing power. Fiscal Policy involves lowering taxes and increasing government spending so that the economy will have more after tax money. Fiscal Policy Expansionary and contractionary are two types of fiscal policy. Expansionary policy involves raising government expenditures and lowering taxes so the government budget deficit can grow or the surplus to fall. In 2011, Japan suffered from a natural disaster. The north east area of the country was struck by a tsunami causing their country to endure financial issues. Japan used expansionary fiscal policy to help get them out of that terrible economic situation. Expansionary fiscal policy helped Japan by raising their private consumption growth. Contractionary fiscal policy is the opposite of expansionary policy. Government expenditures will be decreased and taxes will be raised to help the budget deficit or surplus. The Role of Government Budgeting One of the main tools of fiscal policy is the federal budget. Aggregate demand is affected by the government expenditures and taxes affect investing and consuming. The effects of government expenditure and tax revenues are important in the aggregate demand equation because they can cause AD increase or decrease. Government expenditures include transfer payments, purchases of goods and services, and interest payments on government debt Swanenberg. Tax revenues are brought in from social security, indirect taxes, income tax, and corporate taxes. When the amount of taxes brought in is above expenditure expectations, this will factor to a budget surplus. Fiscal Policy Pros and Cons Fiscal policy is the usage of government spending and the use of taxes to control the economy. As defined by Investopedia, fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its level of spending in order to monitor and influence a nations money supply, (2009). Whenever the government makes a decision on what service and good to buy, how much to tax on said good or service, or the payment relegations dispersed, the government is exercising the fiscal policy. The fiscal policy is mostly used to show how government spending and taxation affects the aggregate economy levels. The fiscal policy really was not used as much until after World War II. When there is a surplus in the government budget, (revenue is higher than spending), the fiscal policy is a contradiction whereas when there is a deficit in the budget, (spending is higher than the budget), the fiscal policy is defined as being expansionary, as stated by the Library of Economics and Liberties (Weil 2008). The Library of Ec onomics and Liberties also states, when there is a deficit in the fiscal policy, economists focus more on the difference in the deficit and not the levels of the deficit, (Weil 2008). The fiscal policy however is not perfect. Just like everything in nature, the fiscal policy has its strengths and weakness. According to Dr. Wood, one main strength about the fiscal policy is that since it is basically government ran, it has good stability when used properly in the economy (Wood 2009). Contrary to monetary policy, the fiscal policy focuses on one area instead of the economy as a whole which can result in less mistakes and less headaches. Government interaction aids the fiscal policy by helping with resource allocation. As mentioned before, the fiscal policy is not perfect. Because the fiscal policy deals with the government, there may be little to no room for flexibility, (Wood 2009). An example would be, the government cant decide to raise taxes to compensate government spending. David Weil has stated that, fiscal policy also changes the burden of future taxes, (Weil 2008). The fiscal policy can sometimes result in the domino effect, meaning having one problem can cause more problems, which can result in another problem, and so on. The fiscal policy is usually only implemented once a year so this itself can be a weakness. One reason is because the government may be funding a project, such as a highway being built, and may not be finished in the allotted time, thus causing a problem in government spending. As of October 2012, Forbes has elucidated that the fiscal policy is not as effective as it once was by stating, the Central Bank cant lower its interest rates, (Smith 2012). Smith also goes on to state that, if the government steps in and borrows lots of money then the rate of interest will tend to rise, (Smith 2012). Monetary Policy After the Great Depression, market economies learned that they were not adjusting to economic downturns quickly enough. The lack of response was one of the causes of long-lasting economic crises. Therefore the government started to stick its hand in the economy to keep it from spiraling out of control using fiscal policy. When GDP contracts, the government spends more, and taxes less, which gets the economy growing. Another form of government macroeconomics is monetary policy and it is practiced by the Federal Reserve Bank. The Fed fiddles with the money supply to keep the economy in between inflation and recession. Back in the 1960s President Johnson had to increase government spending due to the Vietnam War. Economists believed as the President kept spending money, it would lead to inflation. The inflation would be caused by an economy that is already stable, plus increased government spending, which only creates higher prices and aggregate supply will be limited. The Federal Reserve Bank and monetary policy was then instituted. Its job is to make the necessary corrections in the economy that the government will not make. The Fed is a private sector. The Federal Reserve Bank affects the economys rate of interest. Our central bank increases the amount of money circulating in the economy because the higher quantity of something decreases its price. With a lower price of money, also called a lower interest rate, more people will be willing to borrow money, which means they spend more money in turn giving the economy a boost. The only problem is some economists believe it will cause prices to spike quickly. So out of fear of inflation, the Fed decreases the amount of money circulating in the economy which raises the price of money, or raises the interest rate. Higher interest rates mean less borrowing, which means less spending, which slows the economy down. Now the fear is the economy will fall into a recession so the Fed lowers interest rates again. The Fed raises the interest rate out of fear of inflation which then causes Recession. The Fed lowers the interest rate out of fear of recession which then leads to inflation. The Fed controls the money supply, which increases or decreases interest rates that can potentially boost or slow an economy and the Fed must keep a good balance because one direction is recession and the other is inflation. Overall monetary policy plays a big part in our economy, without it there would be a lot of confusion in the business world. In particular, the main one would be the banking system. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is the body thats responsible for most of the monetary policy decisions that are made. Monetary Policy has to do with recession and inflation which is very important in our economy. Another important fact about monetary policy is aggregate supply and demand. Monetary policy affects them deeply depending on the economies input, output, and rate of inflation. Strengths and Weakness of Monetary Furthermore, monetary policy that is speedy and flexible and somewhat isolated from Political pressure. It doesnt raise inflation value of money by weaken its purchasing Power. Whenever inflation advance faster than expected, they may sell government bonds to take money out of circulation. This also can minimize access to credit and slow consumer spending. The decisions they had made really had an effective impact on our economy. Monetary policy has stable prices which is keeping inflation low, it also quality business and households to make financial decisions without worrying about sudden unexpected prices increasing. The long term enable policy makers assess. The best policy tends to seek between these short- and long- term goals. Lower interest rates to expand the money supply and stem rising unemployment Rates during recession. Although the weaknesses practicing monetary policy cause the central bank to lose control of currency valuation, it wouldnt be possible for interest rate s. It also devalues the currency; further more monetary policy can achieve low inflation in the long run and affect economic output and employment in the short run. Sustainable Low inflation and economic growth off disagree. When inflationary pressures decrease, the unemployment rate may advance for a short period as the pace of the economy slows. It also can take up to months or even an year maybe even longer to have the intected effect. Conclusion Monetary and Fiscal policy both have their pros and cons. Fiscal policy can result in a nasty domino effect causing one problem to make another and repeat. Fiscal can also have issues with time lags. Although monetary policy is not very effective in a recession, it is flexible and works well to slow down the economy. Many prefer fiscal over monetary because its brings low taxes and low interest rates.